Diagnóstico, manejo y tratamiento de pacientes con peritonitis secundaria en una unidad de cirugía general / Diagnosis, management and treatment of patients with secondary peritonitis in a general surgery unit

La peritonitis es una inflamación aguda o crónica del peritoneo que generalmente tiene un origen infeccioso. Existen varios tipos, siendo la de tipo secundario la más frecuente. El término peritonitis secundaria se define como la inflamación localizada o generalizada de la membrana peritoneal causada por infección polimicrobiana posterior a la ruptura traumática o espontánea de una víscera o secundaria a la dehiscencia de anastomosis intestinales. Esta entidad se caracteriza por la presencia de pus en la cavidad peritoneal o de líquido; que, en el estudio microscópico directo, contiene leucocitos y bacterias. El tratamiento de esta patología constituye una urgencia y puede ser de tipo clínico y/o quirúrgico. El objetivo del manejo operatorio se basa en identificar y eliminar la causa de la infección, recoger muestras microbiológicas, realizar una limpieza peritoneal y prevenir la recidiva. El tratamiento clínico se ocupa de las consecuencias de la infección mediante la reanimación perioperatoria y el tratamiento antibiótico1. A pesar de los avances en diagnóstico, procedimientos quirúrgicos, terapia antimicrobiana y cuidados intensivos, la mortalidad asociada con la peritonitis secundaria grave es aún muy alta. El pronóstico y el manejo oportuno representan la clave para mejorar la sobrevida y reducir la mortalidad asociada a infecciones intraabdominales extensas2. Es importante establecer lineamientos en cuanto al diagnóstico, manejo antibiótico y pautas de tratamiento quirúrgico para disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a esta enfermedad. Palabras clave: Peritonitis; Peritoneo; Cavidad Abdominal/cirugía; Cavidad Peritoneal; Líquido Ascítico/patología; Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Operativos.

Peritonitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the peritoneum that generally has an infectious origin. There are several types, with secondary peritonitis being the most frequent. The term secondary peritonitis is defined as localized or generalized inflammation of the peritoneal membrane caused by polymicrobial infection following traumatic or spontaneous rupture of a viscus or secondary to dehiscence of intestinal anastomoses. This entity is characterized by the presence of pus in the peritoneal cavity or fluid which, on direct microscopic examination, contains leukocytes and bacteria. The treatment of this pathology constitutes an emergency and can be clinical and/or surgical. The aim of operative management is based on identifying and eliminating the cause of the infection, collecting microbiological samples, performing peritoneal cleansing and preventing recurrence. Clinical management deals with the consequences of the infection by perioperative resuscitation and antibiotic treatment1 . Despite advances in diagnosis, surgical procedures, antimicrobial therapy and intensive care, mortality associated with severe secondary peritonitis is still very high. Prognosis and timely management represent the key to improving survival and reducing mortality associated with extensive intra-abdominal infections2. It is important to establish guidelines for diagnosis, antibiotic management and surgical treatment guidelines to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.

Terapia de presión negativa para el manejo de abdomen catastrófico secundario a íleo biliar / Negative Pressure Therapy for Managing Catastrophic Abdomen following Gallstone Ileus

Introducción: El abdomen catastrófico o abdomen hostil es una entidad quirúrgica de gran importancia por la pérdida de los distintos espacios entre los órganos de la cavidad abdominal y las estructuras de la cavidad abdominal. Estas alteraciones producen cambios anatómicos grandes por un síndrome adherencial severo. Objetivo: Demostrar la presentación de un abdomen catastrófico posterior a manejo de íleo biliar en un paciente adulto. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 43 años que producto de un abdomen agudo obstructivo por íleo biliar evolucionó tórpidamente en otra casa asistencial. Se realizaron 3 intervenciones quirúrgicas, hasta llegar a nuestra casa asistencial donde se le trata de manera multidisciplinaria e integral. Estuvo 120 días hospitalizado y se le realizó 5 intervenciones quirúrgicas para aplicación y recambio de terapia de presión negativa abdominal abierta (ABThera). Durante la última intervención al encontrar una cavidad limpia y sin fugas se realiza gastroentero anastomosis en Y de Roux con una buena evolución clínico-quirúrgica hasta el alta, con seguimiento dos meses posteriores por consulta externa. Conclusiones: El abdomen catastrófico es un reto para el manejo por los cirujanos porque se requiere aparte de un vasto conocimiento también el apoyo de otras especialidades para poder combatir esta entidad(AU)

Introduction: Catastrophic abdomen or hostile abdomen is a surgical entity of great significance due to the loss of the different spaces between organs and the structures of the abdominal cavity. These alterations produce major anatomical changes due to a severe adhesive syndrome. Objective: To show the presentation of a catastrophic abdomen following gallstone ileus management in an adult patient. Clinical case: A 43-year-old male patient who, as a consequence of an acute obstructive abdomen due to gallstone ileus, had a torpid evolution into another care facility. Three surgical interventions were performed before he arrived at our care facility, where he was treated in a multidisciplinary and comprehensive way. He was hospitalized for 120 days and underwent five surgical interventions for application and replacement of the open abdomen negative pressure therapy (ABThera). During the last intervention, upon finding a clean cavity without leaks, a Roux-en-Y gastroenteric anastomosis was performed, with a good clinical-surgical evolution until discharge and follow-up of two months thereafter in the outpatient clinic. Conclusions: Catastrophic abdomen is a challenge to be managed by surgeons because it requires, apart from vast knowledge, the support of other specialties to combat this entity(AU)

Morbimortalidad de las reintervenciones en la cirugía abdominal urgente y electiva / Morbidity and Mortality for Re-interventions in Urgent and Elective Abdominal Surgery

Introducción: Las reintervenciones en la cirugía abdominal, son causa de una alta mortalidad en los servicios de cirugía general. Objetivo: Caracterizar morbimortalidad de las reintervenciones de la cirugía abdominal urgente y electiva en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Universitario "Manuel Ascunce Domenech". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal, de los pacientes que requirieron de reintervención quirúrgica abdominal. El universo estuvo conformado por 236 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos descriptivos y cálculos con valores porcentuales. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edades de 40-49 años, así como el sexo masculino, con un 25 por ciento y 64,8 por ciento, respectivamente. En cuanto al tiempo en que se realizó la reintervención 72,5 por ciento se realizó luego de las 48 horas. El 88,6 por ciento de los pacientes resolvió la causa que lo originó en la primera reintervención. Las causas más frecuentes fueron la peritonitis generalizada seguida de los abscesos intrabdominales con un 19,5 por ciento y 17,4 por ciento respectivamente. La mortalidad fue de 30,1 por ciento y el tromboembolismo pulmonar la causa directa de muerte en 12,3 por ciento de los casos. Conclusiones: Casi la totalidad de los casos fueron reintervenidos luego de las 48 horas y las dos terceras partes resolvieron en la primera intervención. La peritonitis generalizada y los abscesos intrabdominales fueron la causa de la reintervención en un número importante(AU)

Introduction: Abdominal surgery re-interventions cause high mortality in general surgery services. Objective: To characterize morbidity and mortality of urgent and elective abdominal surgery re-interventions in the general surgery service of Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was carried out with patients who required abdominal surgical re-intervention. The universe consisted of 236 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Descriptive statistical methods and calculations with percentage values were used. Results: There was a predominance of the age group 40-49 years and the male sex, accounting for 25 percent and 64.8 percent, respectively. Regarding time of performance of re-intervention, 72.5 percent was carried out after 48 hours. 88.6 percent of the patients had, in the first re-intervention, a solution for the cause that originated it. The most frequent causes were generalized peritonitis, followed by intraabdominal abscesses, accounting for 19.5 percent and 17.4 percent, respectively. Mortality was 30.1 percent and pulmonary embolism was the direct cause of death in 12.3 percent of cases. Conclusions: Almost all the cases were re-intervened after 48 hours and two thirds had a solution the first re-intervention. Generalized peritonitis and intraabdominal abscesses were the cause of re-intervention, in a significant number(AU)

Validez de tres procedimientos para la predicción de reoperación en cirugía abdominal: estudio de cohorte / Validity of three procedures for predicting reoperation in abdominal surgery: a cohort study

Introducción: Resulta difícil diagnosticar con certeza la necesidad de reoperar a un paciente después de cirugía abdominal mayor. Objetivo: Evaluar la validez de tres procedimientos para la predicción de la reoperación en cirugía abdominal. Métodos: Estudio explicativo, de cohorte, prospectivo, realizado de noviembre de 2016 a abril de 2017; 146 pacientes en posoperatorio de cirugía abdominal mayor, ingresados consecutivamente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay. Para ser reoperados, los pacientes fueron evaluados según criterios clínicos, de laboratorio e imágenes. De forma independiente, se estimó la probabilidad de requerir una reoperación mediante el Acute Re-intervention Predictive Index, el Sistema de Ayuda al Pronóstico de Reoperación en Cirugía Abdominal (SAPRCA) y la presión intraabdominal. Se aplicó la curva característica operativa del receptor y se seleccionó el mejor punto de corte con sus indicadores de validez. Resultados: Fueron reoperados 23 pacientes (15,8 por ciento). El área bajo la curva característica operativa del receptor (ABC) de los tres puntajes fue > 0,8, con excelente capacidad de discriminación, pero con diferencias significativas entre ellas (p < 0,001). El SAPRCA tuvo mejor desempeño (ABC = 0,965; CI 0,933 - 0,997), seguido de la presión intraabdominal (ABC = 0,939; CI 0,892 - 0,987) y el Acute Re-intervention Predictive Index (ABC = 0,863, CI 0,789 - 0,938). Conclusiones: El SAPRCA mostró un excelente desempeño y una eficacia superior a la demostrada por los otros dos procedimientos, que lo hace recomendable para pronosticar la necesidad de reoperar después de cirugía abdominal mayor(AU)

Introduction: It is difficult to diagnose with certainty the need to reoperate a patient after major abdominal surgery. Objective: To assess the validity of three procedures for predicting reoperation in abdominal surgery. Method: Explanatory, cohort, prospective study, from November 2016 to April 2017, 146 patients in postoperative period of major abdominal surgery, consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit of the Hospital "Carlos J Finlay". To decide on reoperation, patients were evaluated according to clinical, laboratory and imaging criteria. Independently, the probability of requiring a reoperation was estimated using the Acute Re-intervention Predictive Index, the Abdominal Surgery Reoperation Prognosis Aid System and intra-abdominal pressure. To analyse their usefulness, the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was applied and the best cut-off point with its validity indicators was selected. Results: 23 patients (15.8 percent) were reoperated. The area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) of the three scores was above 0.8, with an excellent ability to discriminate between patients who really required reoperation and those who did not, but with significant differences between them (p <0.001). The Abdominal Surgery Reoperation Prognosis Aid System had the best performance, with an AUC = 0.965 (CI 0.933-0.997), followed by the intra-abdominal pressure (AUC = 0.939, CI 0.892-0.987) and the Acute Re-intervention Predictive Index (AUC = 0.863, CI 0.789-0.938). Conclusions: The Abdominal Surgery Reoperation Prognosis Aid System shows an excellent performance and an efficiency superior to that demonstrated by the other two procedures, which makes it recommendable to predict the need to reoperate after major abdominal surgery(AU)

Aspectos anatómicos y técnicos de la cirugia de citorredución de cáncer de ovario en abdomen superior / Anatomical and technical aspects of debulking surgery for ovarian cancer in the upper abdomen

RESUMEN El Cáncer de Ovario Epitelial es la novena causa de cáncer en la mujer y la neoplasia ginecológica más letal en países desarrollados. La mayoría de las pacientes son diagnosticadas en etapa avanzada de la enfermedad debido a la ausencia de síntomas específicos. La cirugía y la quimioterapia cumplen un rol fundamental en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. En pacientes con enfermedad avanzada (estadios III - IV) al momento del diagnóstico, la extirpación de todo tumor macroscópico (citorreducción óptima) ha demostrado ser el factor pronóstico más importante, demostrando un beneficio tanto en tiempo libre de enfermedad como en sobrevida global. Nuestro objetivo es describir, desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria, los aspectos técnicos más relevantes de la citorreducción del abdomen superior para aquellas pacientes con neoplasias de origen ginecológico.

ABSTRACT Epithelial Ovarian cancer is the ninth most frequent cancer in women and the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. The majority of patients are diagnosed in advanced stage of the disease due to the lack of specific symptoms. Surgery and systemic treatment play a key role in the treatment of this disease. For those patients with advanced stage at the time of diagnosis (III - IV), removal of all macroscopic disease (optimal cytoreduction) has been shown as the most important prognostic factor, demonstrating improvement not only in progression free survival but also in overall survival. Our aim is to describe, in a multidisciplinary fashion, the most relevant aspect about oncological debulking procedures in the upper abdominal cavity for women with gynecological malignancies.

Abdominal cavity simulator for skill progression in videolaparoscopic sutures in Brazil

Abstract Purpose: To develop and test a model of teaching by means of an abdominal cavity simulator. Methods: This study had two stages: development of a teaching model and an experimental prospective study that aimed to evaluate the residents' competence. The participants were divided into 3 groups: first-year resident, second-year resident, and senior surgeon. The two groups of resident physicians received training in the simulator, under instructor supervision for skill acquisition, according to the model proposed in first stage. The surgeons did not receive this intervention. The correlations and associations were verified through simple and multiple linear regressions. The learning curves were analysed using Cox regression models. The impact of the epidemiological characteristics was tested. Results: All residents reached the maximum score at the end of 16 steps and were comparable to the experimental (p<0.001). Conclusion: Residents who underwent training using the methodology of the proposed teaching model, which is based on realistic simulation, acquired proficiency in the accomplishment of endosutures in up to 16 hours of training in the laboratory.

Textiloma Intra-abdominal. Reporte de un caso / Textiloma Intraabdominal. Case report

Los cuerpos extraños olvidados en el abdomen después de una operación quirúrgica, también denominados textilomas tienen una incidencia de 1 por cada 1500 laparotomías, aunque resulta muy difícil evaluar la real estadística por los escasos reportes debido a las posibles implicaciones médico-legales que en muchos países traen aparejadas. En el presente trabajo se realiza la presentación de un interesante caso intervenido en el Hospital Universitario "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy" del municipio Colón. Se trata de una paciente femenina de 47 años de edad operada inicialmente de Histerectomía Total Abdominal que dos meses después regresa con una Oclusión Intestinal Completa y es llevada al quirófano donde se encuentra un "Plastrón Abscedado". La Evolución clínica post-operatoria fue excelente. El estudio de la pieza anatómica demostró la presencia de una compresa totalmente "enrollada" dentro de la luz del intestino por lo que se deduce que el cuerpo extraño "provocó" una fístula peritoneo-entérica, con el paso total de la compresa hacia la luz del intestino, causando un cuadro oclusivo. Cada uno de los médicos especializados en ramas quirúrgicas está expuesto a la ocurrencia de dicha contingencia que es multicausal y completamente ajena a la voluntad del equipo a cargo del paciente. Por tal motivo resulta vital la exploración cuidadosa de todos los medios usados en cada una de las laparotomías (AU).

Foreign bodies left in the abdomen after surgery, also called gossypibomas have an incidence ranging between 1 in 1500 laparotomy, although it is very difficult to assess the actual statistics for scarce reports due to possible medico-legal implications in They rigged bring many countries. In this paper presenting an interesting case involved the University Hospital "Dr. is done Mario Muñoz Monroy "Columbus Township. This is a female patient of 47 years initially operated total abdominal hysterectomy two months later he returns with a complete intestinal occlusion and is taken to the operating room where there is a "Plastron abscessed". The postoperative clinical evolution was excellent. The study of the anatomical specimen showed a pad completely "wrapped" into the lumen of the intestine so it follows that the foreign body "caused" a fistula peritoneal-enteral, with the full bore of the pad into the light bowel, causing occlusive condition. Each specialized doctors in surgical branches exposed to the occurrence of such a contingency that has multiple causes and completely beyond the control of the team in charge of the patient. Therefore it is vital careful examination of all the media used in each of the laparotomy (AU).

Efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine as an intrathecal agent: a dose finding clinical study

Background and Objectives: Dexmedetomidine is increasingly being used in regional anesthesia as an adjuvant but there is no consensus on exact minimal and safe dose when used intrathecally. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three different doses of dexmedetomidine when given intrathecally as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery

Methodology: After taking ethical committee approval, and obtaining patients consent, 60 American Society of Anesthesiologist [ASA] physical status I and II patients in the age group of 25-60 years undergoing lower abdominal surgeries were divided randomly into three groups in this randomized double blind study. An intrathecal dose of 2.5 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was administered to all patients supplemented with dexmedetomidine. In Group A 5 microg, Group B 7.5 microg and in Group C 10 microg of dexmedetomidine was administered with a volume of 3ml of study drug in each group. The onset time, time to peak sensory level, motor blockade, sedation, duration of motor block, analgesia and any adverse effects were noted. At the end of the study, data were compiled and analyzed with appropriate statistical tests

Results: Demographic profile was comparable in all the three groups. The time to onset of sensory block in Group C [1.55 +/- 0.510 mm] was significantly lower than Group A [2.15 +/- 0.745 min] and Group B [2.20 +/- 0.410 min]. Sensory regression by two segments was significantly higher in Group C [220.65 +/- 25.86 min] as compared to Group A [104.7 +/- 25.5min] and Group B [145.10 +/- 24.54 min]. [p < 0.05] The duration of motor block was shortest in Group A [243.8 +/- 22.0 min] as compared to Group B [305.4 +/- 35.8 min] and Group C [387.0 +/- 39.4 min]. The visual analogue scale score for pain was lesser in Group C as compared to the other two groups

Conclusion: Optimal dose of dexmedetomidine is difficult to define especially with prolonged duration of sensory and motor blockade in a dose dependent manner with minimal increase in side effects with higher doses. However, we conclude that 7.5 ug seems to be just optimal intrathecal dose of dexmedetomidine and can be used safely and effectively in lower abdominal surgeries

Factores que influyen en la mortalidad en los pacientes graves con cirugía abdominal / Factors influencing mortality in critically ill patients with abdominal surgery

Introducción: los pacientes quirúrgicos se encuentran entre los más susceptibles de recibir asistencia médica intensiva. Objetivo: determinar los factores que influyen en la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes quirúrgicos graves. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo con 193 pacientes quirúrgicos que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Joaquín Albarrán durante el año 2012. Resultados: de 193 pacientes falleció el 17,6 por ciento, entre los que predominaron los pacientes con operaciones de urgencia (14). Influyeron sobre el aumento de la mortalidad la edad mayor de 60 años, la presencia de insuficiencia renal aguda (p = 0,0011) y la necesidad de apoyo con aminas vasoactivas (p < 0,0001), con una asociación altamente significativa entre albúmina y estado al egreso (p < 0,0001). El requerimiento de líquidos por más de 5 L se asoció a una mejor supervivencia (p = 0,0002). Conclusiones: los principales factores de riesgo para la mortalidad de los pacientes quirúrgicos graves son el shock hipovolémico, la necesidad de apoyo con aminas, la hipoalbuminemia y la presencia de insuficiencia renal aguda, por lo que su prevención o detección temprana permitirá intensificar o particularizar las acciones terapéuticas en cada paciente, lo que puede contribuir a la reducción de la mortalidad en estos enfermos(AU)

Introduction: surgical patient is one of the pronest patients to intensive medical care. Objective: to determine factors influencing morbidity and mortality in critically-ill surgical patients. Methods: prospective and descriptive study of 193 surgical patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Joaquin Albarran Dominguez hospital in Havana during 2012. Results: of 193 patients, 34 died (17.6 percent), being those patients with emergency surgery (14 patients) predominant. Age over 60 years, acute renal failure (p = 0.0011) and need of vasoactive amina support (p < 0001) were the influential factors on the rise of mortality rate, with a highly significant association between albumin and physical condition on discharge (p < 0.0001). The fluid requirement above 5 liters was related with improved survival rate (p = 0.0002). Conclusions: the main risk factors for the critically-ill surgical patients mortality are hypovolemic shock, the need for amine support, hypoalbuminemia and the presence of acute renal failure; their prevention or early detection will allow intensifying or customizing the therapeutic actions to each patient, all of which may contribute to reduce mortality in this group of patients(AU)

Laparoscopic assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt revisions as an option for pediatric patients with previous intraabdominal complications / Revisão de derivações ventrículo-peritoneais assistidas por videolaparoscopia como uma opção para pacientes pediátricos com complicações intra-abdominais

Multiple shunt failure is a challenge in pediatric neurosurgery practice and one of the most feared complications of hydrocephalus. Objective: To demonstrate that laparoscopic procedures for distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure may be an effective option for patients who underwent multiple revisions due to repetitive manipulation of the peritoneal cavity, abdominal pseudocyst, peritonitis or other situations leading to a “non reliable” peritoneum. Method: From March 2012 to February 2013, the authors reviewed retrospectively the charts of six patients born and followed up at our institution, which presented with previous intra-peritoneal complications and underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision assisted by video laparoscopy. Results: After a mean follow-up period of nine months, all patients are well and no further shunt failure was identified so far. Conclusion: Laparoscopy assisted shunt revision in children may be, in selected cases, an effective option for patients with multiple peritoneal complications due to ventriculo-peritoneal shunting. .

Múltiplas disfunções de derivações ventrículo-peritoneais em pacientes crônicos são complicações temidas no tratamento das hidrocefalias e um desafio na prática neurocirúrgica. Objetivo: Demonstrar que a abordagem laparoscópica para o tratamento das obstruções distais das derivações ventrículo-peritoneais é uma opção eficaz em pacientes submetidos a múltiplas revisões, manipulação repetitiva da cavidade abdominal, pseudocisto abdominal, peritonite ou outras complicações indutoras de peritônio “não confiável”. Método: Os autores revisaram retrospectivamente, de março de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013, os prontuários de seis pacientes nascidos e acompanhados em um hospital pediátrico, que apresentaram múltiplas complicações intraperitoneais e tiveram a revisão de derivações ventrículo-peritoneais assistida por videolaparoscopia. Resultados: Todos os pacientes melhoraram clinicamente e nenhuma outra disfunção foi identificada após um período de acompanhamento médio de 9 meses. Conclusão: Revisão distal de derivações ventrículo-peritoneais assistida por videolaparoscopia em crianças é, em casos selecionados, uma opção eficaz para pacientes crônicos com história de múltiplas complicações peritoneais. .

The final stage of the laparoscopic procedure: exploring final steps

Despite significant advances in laparoscopic technique and technologies, laparoscopic Urologic surgery remains technically demanding regarding various surgical steps including the challenge of specimen retrieval and extraction, whether to install a drainage system and the best option for wound closure. Laparoscopic specimen entrapment and extraction occurs at what is falsely considered the "end of the procedure". During open surgery, after the specimen has been mobilized, the specimen is simply lifted out of the larger incision which has been made to achieve the surgical objectives. In contrast, significant laparoscopic skill is required to entrap and safely extract laparoscopic specimens. Indeed, the Urologist and surgical team which are transitioning from open surgery may disregard this important part of the procedure which may lead to significant morbidity. As such, it is imperative that during laparoscopic procedures, the "end of the procedure" be strictly defined as the termination of skin closure and dressing placement. Taking a few minutes to focus on safe specimen entrapment and extraction will substantially reduce major morbidity. The following review focus on the technology and technique of specimen entrapment and extraction, on the matter of whether to install a drainage system of the abdominal cavity and the options for adequate closure of trocar site wounds. This article's primary objectives are to focus on how to minimize morbidity while maintain the advantages of a minimally invasive surgical approach.

Factores asociados a mortalidad postoperatoria del adulto mayor sometido a cirugía abdominal en el Centro Médico Naval durante el periodo 2009-2011 / Factors associated with post-operative mortality in the elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery at the Medical Center Naval from January 2009 to December 2011

Objetivo: Determinar cuáles son los factores asociados a la mortalidad postoperatoria en los pacientes adultos mayores sometidos a cirugía abdominal en el Centro Médico Naval durante el periodo de Enero del 2009 a Diciembre 2011. Material y métodos: Es un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo de casos controles, se incluyo a todos los pacientes mayores de 65 años operados durante el periodo 2009-2011 y cuyas historias clínicas estén completas, de las cuales se obtendrán las variables en estudio, a través de una ficha de recolección de datos. Se analizarán variables preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y postoperatorias. Se analizarán los factores de riesgo de morbimortalidad en los pacientes intervenidos de emergencia y en los intervenidos electivamente. Se realizará un análisis multivariable correlacionando las diferentes variables mediante la prueba de la X2 Pearson con un intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Durante el periodo que abarca el estudio fueron intervenidos 385 pacientes ancianos con ingreso hospitalario: 122 de emergencia y 263 de forma electiva. Durante el ingreso hospitalario murió un total de 28 pacientes; 1 intraoperatoriamente y 27 tras la intervención quirúrgica. Variables preoperatorias: Existe asociación entre el número de patologías y la reducción de la sobrevida (p<0.0001); la edad mayor a 75 años demostró tener una mayor mortalidad estadísticamente significativa (p=0.004 y Ji2=8.145); Se encontró que existe asociación entre un mayor grado de ASA y una menor sobrevida, la cual fue estadísticamente significativa (p<0.0001 y Ji2=60.717); la mayor mortalidad se encontró en pacientes con patología de intestino Delgado y colon, con sobrevidas menores al 77.1 por ciento, esto fue estadísticamente significativo. (p<0.0001 y Ji2=23.212). Variables intraoperatorias: La cirugía de emergencia es un factor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad (22.13 por ciento de mortalidad en relación con el...

Objective: To determine the factors associated with post-operative mortality in the elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery in the Medical Center Naval from January 2009 to December 2011. Materials and methods: it was an observational, analytical, retrospective case-control study encompassing all patients over 65 years who underwent surgeries during the 2009-2011 periods, whose medical records were complete and from which the variables under study were obtained through data-collecting cards. Pre-operative, operative and post-operative variables were analyzed. There was an assessment of the risk factors for mortality and morbidity in the patients undergoing emergency surgery and those operated electively. A multi-variable analysis correlating the different variables using the X2 Pearson test with a confidence interval of 95 per cent was also carried out. During the period of the study, 385 patients with hospital admission were operated: 122 for emergency and 263 for elective surgery. During the admission to hospital, 28 patients died; one during surgery, and the other 27 after surgery. Pre-operative Variables: There is association between the number of pathologies and the decrease in survival (p<0.0001); an age greater than 75 years demonstrated a statistically significant higher mortality (p=0.004 and Ji2=8.145); an association was found to be between a higher grade of ASA and a lower survival, which was statistically significant (p<0.0001 and Ji2=60.717); the highest mortality was found in patients with esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon pathologies, with survival rates lower than 77.1 per cent, being this statistically significant (p<0.0001 and Ji2=23.212). Operative Variables: Emergency surgery is an independent risk factor for mortality (22.13 per cent of mortality compared to the 0, 38 per cent for elective surgery). The type of injury showed to be associated with a lower survival rate, which was statistically significant...

Laparoscopic treatment of Poland's syndrome using the omentum flap technique

OBJECTIVE: For patients with Poland's syndrome, a transverse skin fold in the anterior axillary pillar, infra-clavicular depression and an anomalous breast contour are the most uncomfortable disfigurements. This study aims to demonstrate that superior aesthetic results can be achieved by using a laparoscopically harvested omentum flap to treat this condition. METHODS: From a prospectively maintained clinical database of patients undergoing a laparoscopic omentum flap procedure for breast reconstruction, all of the patients with Poland's syndrome were identified and their outcomes were studied. RESULTS: Thirteen consecutive patients with Poland's syndrome were treated and evaluated regarding breast contour, reconstruction of the anterior axillary pillar and filling of the infra-clavicular depression. Implants were employed beneath the flap in 76 percent of cases to improve symmetry. In 23 percent of cases, a contra-lateral mastopexy was performed, and in 15 percent of cases, a breast implant was used. The consistency of the flap is similar to natural breast tissue and only a small incision in the breast fold is needed. The majority of patients (85 percent) were female, with a mean age of 26 (18-53). The flap is extremely malleable, adapts to irregular surfaces, and has a long vascular pedicle. Additionally, its removal does not leave a scar at the donor site as the removal of muscular flaps does. For example, the removal of the latissimus dorsi flap causes a deformity in the dorsal contour. The mean operative time was 201 minutes (80-350) and the mean hospital stay was 2.3 days (1-5). CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of these patients revealed that the omentum flap technique provided superior amelioration of the deformities caused by Poland's syndrome when compared with other reconstructive options.

Cirugía endoscópica trans orificios naturales (NOTES) / Systematic review of natural orifice transluminal endoscopy surgery (NOTES) for intrabdominal surgery

Background: NOTES allows to perform entire traditional surgical procedures through a natural orifice. Aim: To evaluate models, techniques, outcomes, pitfalls, and applicability to the clinical setting of NOTES for intra abdominal surgery. Material and Methods: Systematic review of the literature. Studies were identified searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Current Contents, Cochrane Library, Entrez PubMed, Clinical Trials Database from 2000 to 2008. Studies indentified in October 2008, were included if they were performed in live human subjects. Results: Of the studies included for review, most were experimental studies conducted in animals. Thus, the evidence base was very limited. Although intra-abdominal access could be achieved reliably via oral, anal, or urethral orifices, the optimal access route and method could not be established. Closure of viscerotomies could not be achieved reliably in all cases and the risk of peritoneal infection was not adequately evaluated. Although the majority of interventions could be performed in animals using NOTES, a number of technical problems were encountered that need to be resolved. Conclusions: NOTES is still in early stages of development and more robust technologies will be needed to achieve reliable closure and overcome technical challenges. Well-managed human studies need to be conducted to determine the safely and efficacy of NOTES in a clinical setting.

Introducción: NOTES ha despertado gran interés en el campo de las investigaciones experimentales y clínicas, por su potencial para la realización de diversos procedimientos de cirugía convencional de manera que puedan serlo enteramente a través de los orificios naturales. Objetivos: El propósito de esta investigación es la revisión sistemática y crítica de la literatura, evaluar los modelos, técnicas, resultados, errores y su aplicabilidad en la clínica. Determinar el potencial de la cirugía sin cicatrices y la eliminación de las complicaciones relacionadas con la incisión, su seguridad y su eficacia. Material y Método: Búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; Current Contents, Cochrane Library, Entrez Pub Med, Clinical Trials Database desde 2000 al 2008; los artículos identificados en octubre de 2008 fueron incluidos si se realizaron en los humanos. Resultados: De 183 estudios, la gran mayoría fueron experimentales en animales (cerdos), con evidencias muy limitadas. El acceso intrabdominal puede lograrse por vía oral, anal, o uretral, la vía óptima y los métodos no se han establecidos aún. La síntesis puede no ser confiable en todos los casos y el riesgo de la infección peritoneal no ha sido adecuadamente evaluado. Conclusiones: Si bien la mayoría de las intervenciones pueden ser realizadas en el animal usando NOTES, existe un número de problemas que necesitan ser evaluados. NOTES está en las etapas iniciales y nuevas tecnologías serán necesarias para lograr la síntesis confiable. Habrán de realizarse estudios prospectivos en los seres humanos para determinar la seguridad y eficacia de NOTES en la clínica.

Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) / 대한소화기학회지

Recently, the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy is developing rapidly. Once limited to the gastroinstestinal lumen, the endoscopic technology is now breaking the barriers and extending its boundary to peritoneal and pleural space. In 2004, Dr. Kalloo, a gastroenterologist, observed intraperitoneal organs of a pig using a conventional endoscope through the stomach wall. Since then, new endoscopic technique of intraperitoneal intervention with transluminal approach named the Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery or NOTES has been introduced. NOTES reaches the target organ by inserting the endoscope through a natural orifice (e.g. mouth, anus, vagina, urethra) and entering the peritoneal lumen by means of making an incision on the luminal wall. After a series of successful experiences in animal studies, NOTES are now being tried on human subjects. There are still many obstacles to overcome, but bright future for this new technology is expected because of its proposed advantages of less pain, lower complication rate, short recovery time, and scarless access. In this review, we plan to learn about NOTES.

La reintervención quirúrgica como tratamiento de la hipertensión intraabdominal / The surgical reintervención as treatment of the hypertension intraabdominal

Se realizó un estudio de seguimiento en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Provincial Vladimir Ilich Lenin para evaluar el efecto de la reintervención quirúrgica sobre la presión intraabdominal en los pacientes laparotomizados. El reclutamiento comenzó en marzo de 1999 y terminó en enero del 2004. Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 22 pacientes. La puntuación según el sistema pronóstico APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) fue de 13,36. La peritonitis fue el diagnóstico más frecuente: en la primera operación con el 50 por ciento y en la reintervención con el 72 por ciento (secundaria, 31,8 por ciento y terciaria, 40,9 por ciento). El promedio de la presión intraabdominal antes de la reintervención fue 14,95 ± 5,2 cm H2O y después fue 12,17 ± 3,44 cmH2O (F = 4,383468; p < 0,05). La reintervención redujo la presión intraabdominal elevada y no modificó la que estaba normal. Pudimos concluir que la reintervención quirúrgica reduce la hipertensión intraabdominal(AU)

He/she was carried out a pursuit study in the Unit of Intensive Cares of the Provincial Educational General Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin to evaluate the effect of the surgical reintervención on the pressure intraabdominal in the patient laparotomizados. The recruitment began in March of 1999 and it finished in January of the 2004. They completed the approaches of inclusion 22 patients. The punctuation according to the system APACHE presage II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) it was of 13,36. The peritonitis was the most frequent diagnosis: in the first operation with 50 percent and in the reintervención with 72 percent (secondary, 31,8 percent and third, 40,9 percent). The average of the pressure intraabdominal before the reintervención was 14,95 ± 5,2 cm H2O and later it was 12,17 ± 3,44 cmH2O (F = 4,383468; p <0,05). The reintervención reduced the pressure high intraabdominal and it didn't modify the one that was normal. We could conclude that the surgical reintervención reduces the hypertension intraabdominal(AU)

The effect of pre-incision nefopam on postoperative pain after major upper abdomonal surgery

Background: Nefopam a powerful painkiller has been put into clinical use since 1976, effects preemptive analgesia. Objectives: To assess the effect of presurgical IV Nefopam on postoperative pain after major upper abdomonal surgery. Subjects and method: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. 62 patients were divided into 2 groups: Nefopam (N, n = 31) and placebo group (PG, n = 31). Presurgical IV 20 mg Nefopam was used in N.PCA was used for both groups. Postoperative non-painful time (PNPT); VAS/48 hours at rest and on cough; IV Morphine rescue with PCA was measured during postsurgical 48 hour period.Results: PNPT was longer in N 42 \xb1 8,9 vs. 22 \xb1 4,8, p<0,01. Titration dose of morphine, Morphine consumption of first 24 hours, and of another 24 hours were lower in N 5,6 \xb1 1,7; 25,2 \xb1 4,9; 10,1 \xb1 3,6 mg vs. 7,1 \xb1 1,5; 30,1 \xb1 4,5; 13,3 \xb1 2,1, p<0,05 and < 0,01, respectively. VASs under tested conditions during first 16 hours were significant lower in N. Conclusion: Presurgical Nefopam had the effect of pre-emptive analgesia as evidence by a significant VAS decrease during the first 16 hours with lower Morphine consumption of 48 hours .

Síndrome compartimental abdominal: Presentación de dos casos / Abdominal compartment syndrome: Report of 2 cases

El abdomen es una cavidad que mantiene una presión interior estable gracias a la distensibilidad de sus paredes. A la insuficiencia múltiple de órganos que aparece secundariamente al incremento de la presión intraabominal por encima de los 25 cmH2O se le conoce como síndrome compartimental abdominal. Se presentan dos casos de esta complicación posoperatoria y se mencionan los principales mecanismos patogénicos, así como las opciones para el tratamiento de este cuadro(AU)

The abdomen is a cavity that maintains a stable interior pressure thanks to the distensibilidad of its walls. To the multiple inadequacy of organs that he/she appears secondarily to the increment of the pressure intraabominal above the 25 cmH2O he/she is known as syndrome abdominal compartimental. Two cases of this complication posoperatoria are presented and the main mechanisms patogénicos are mentioned, as well as the options for the treatment of this square(AU)